Розширена анотація українською мовою

Проблеми XXI століття проклали шлях для виникнення та розповсюдження міжнародного співробітництва у сфері місцевого економічного розвитку. Місцевий економічний розвиток – це постійна синергія дій бізнес-спільноти, влади, громадянського суспільства та наукових кіл, метою якої є покращення якості життя та економічного потенціалу конкретної громади. Такі дії можуть бути спрямовані на розвиток бізнесу, зокрема туризму, допомогу виробничим компаніям чи сприяння розвитку трудових ресурсів. Влада кожного міста та/чи інституція економічного розвитку розробляє стратегію розвитку, що відповідає баченню майбутнього. Спільне управління все більше відіграє важливу роль у вирішенні багатовимірних викликів сучасності. Місцевий економічний розвиток – це процес конкуренції місцевих одиниць за перепливи інвестиційних капіталів. На ці перепливи, звичайно, також мають вплив загальнонаціональні чинники: макроекономічна, фіскальна, монетарна політика, юридичні та регуляційні умови. Ця стаття спрямована на те, щоб зміцнити спільне управління як можливий засіб захисту, який може допомогти врятувати недієздатні муніципалітети та бути більш винахідливим на своїй території для цілей місцевого економічного розвитку. Крім того, в статті розглядаються деякі контекстуальні обмеження загальноприйнятих державних і цивільних підходів до вирішення соціально-економічних проблем у муніципалітетах. Для створення стабільного спільного управління, здатного покращити управління системою та реагувати на соціально-економічні проблеми в муніципалітетах, ця стаття має тенденцію прояснити появу підходу іншого типу, змішаного спільного підходу. З огляду на цей сценарій, якими будуть конкретні ролі та відносини між державою та недержавою?

Ключові слова: спільне врядування, місцевий економічний розвиток, потенціал, зацікавлені сторони, ресурси.

Класифікація JEL: F63, O10.

Цитувати як: Kamara, R. D. (2017). Creating Enhanced Capacity for Local Economic Development (LED) through Collaborative Governance in South Africa. SocioEconomic Challenges, 1(3), 98-115. DOI: 10.21272/sec.1(3).98-115.2017

Список використаних джерел

1. Agder, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24, 347-364.
2. Afful-Koomson, T., and Owosu, A. K. (2013) Collaborative Governance in Extractive Industries in Africa. United Nations University Institute of Natural Resources in Africa (UNU-INRA), Ghana.
3. Agbodzakey, J. K. (2016) Quantitative evidence of Collaborative Governance of Broward and Beach Palm Counties HIV Health services planning councils in two different legislative cycles. International Journal of Current Advanced Research, 4(12), 520-530.
4. Agranoff, R. and McGuire, M. (2003) Collaborative Public Management: New Strategies for Local Governments. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
5. Agranoff, R. (2006) Inside collaborative networks: Ten lessons for public managers. Public Administration Review, 66, 56-65.
6. Agranoff, R. (2007). Managing within Networks: Adding Value to Public Organizations. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
7. Agranoff, R. (2008) Collaboration for knowledge: Learning from public management networks. In Big Ideas in Collaborative Public Management, eds. L. B. Bingham and R. O’Leary, 162-194. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
8. Agranoff, R. (2012). Collaborating to Manage: A Primer for the Public Sector. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
9. Akintoye, A., Beck, M. and Hardcastle, C. (2003). Public-Private Partnerships: Managing Risks and Opportunities. Blackwell Science Ltd.
10. Ambrosio-Albala, M. and Delgado, M. (2008). Understanding rural areas dynamics from a complex perspective. An application of Prospective Structural Analysis. Paper prepared for presentation at the 12th EAAE Congress ‘People, Food and Environments: Global Trends and European Strategies’, Gent (Belgium), 26-29 August 2008.
11. ANC (African National Congress) (1994). The Reconstruction and Development Programme: A policy framework. Umanyano Publications, Johannesburg.
12. Ansell, C. and Gash, A. (2008) Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18, 543-571.
13. Aoyama, Y. and Parthasarathy, B (2017). The rise of the Hybrid domain public domain. Collaborative for Social Innovation. Edgars Publishing. USA.
14. Atkinson, van der Watt and Fourie (2003). The Role of District Municipalities: Hologram Project. Final report, HSRC and Eden District Municipality.
15. Bingham, L. B. (2008). Legal frameworks for collaboration in governance and public management. In Big ideas in collaborative public management, L. B. and O’Leary, R., 247-269. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
16. Bingham, L. B., and O’Leary, R. (2008). Big ideas in collaborative public management. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
17. Bingham, L. B., O’Leary, R and Tina Nabatchi, T. (2005). The New Governance: Practices and Processes for Stakeholder and Citizen Participation in the Work of Government. Public Administration Review, 65(5), 547-558.
18. Binns, T., Kyei, P., Nel, E., & Porter G. (2005). Decentralising poverty? Reflection on experience on decentralisation and the capacity to achieve local economic development in Ghana and South Africa. Africa Insight, 35(4), 21-31.
19. Blumenfeld, J. (2015) A hole digger’s Guide to Redemption: Some reflection on South Africa’s Long-running Quest for Economic growth. Journal of the Helen Suzman Foundation, 75. Available at: file:///C:/Users/Microlab/Downloads/4%20A%20Hole-digger2019s%20Guide%20to%20Redemption%20-%20J%20Blumenfeld%20(1).pdf. Accessed on 14 May, 2018.
20. Brillantes Jr., A. B., and Fernandez, M. T. (2011). Good Governance, Social Quality and Active Citizenship: Gawad Kalinga in Phillipines. The International Journal of Social Quality, 1(2), 19-30.
21. Bryson, J. M., and Crosby, B. C. (2008). Failing into cross-sector collaboration successfully. In Big ideas in collaborative public management, eds. L. B. Bingham and R. O’Leary, 55-78. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
22. Bryson, J. M., Cosby, B. C., and Stone, M. M. (2015). Designing and Implementing Cross-Sector Collaborations: Needed and Challenging. Public Administration Review, xx(xx), xx–xxv.
23. Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C. and Stone, M. M. (2006). The design and implementation of cross-sector collaborations: Propositions form the literature. Public Administration Review, 66, 44-55.
24. Buchholz, R. A., & Rosenthal, S. B. (2004). Stakeholder theory and public policy: How governments matter. Journal of Business Ethics, 51(2), 143-153.
25. City of Cape Town (2004). City of Cape Town Smart City Strategy in South Africa.
26. Clark, G., and Moir, E. (2014). The Business of Cities. Foresight, UK Government Office for Science. In Cloete, E. A partnering approach to economic development at a sub-national level  A practitioner’s perspective. Western Cape Economic Development Partnership. South Africa.
27. Clarke, S. E. (2016) Local Place-Based Collaborative Governance. Urban Affairs Review, 1-26.
28. Cloete, E. (2015). A partnering approach to economic development at a sub-national level  A practitioner’s perspective. Western Cape Economic Development Partnership. South Africa.
29. Cohen, D. (2010). Key issues in local economic development in South Africa and a potential role for SALGA. Pretoria: Paper submitted to Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs.
30. Coglianese, C., Kilmartin, H., and Mendelson, E. (2009). Transparency and Public Participation in the Federal Rulemaking Process: Recommendations for the New Administration. George Washington Law Review, 77(4), 924-972. Available at: http://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/77-4-Coglianese.pdf. Accessed on 14 July 2017.
31. Consultancy Africa Intelligence (2012). Can South Africa be considered a developmental state? The New Growth Path and National Development Plan in Perspective.
32. Cross, S. (1992). From Anomie to Civil Society in South Africa. Reflection on Development Planning, as cited in Selmeczi, A. (2015). Haunted by the rebellion of the poor: Civil Society and the Racialised Problem of the (Non-) economic Subject. Faucault Studies, 20, 52-75.
33. Dahan, N. M., Doh, J. P. and Raelin, J. D. (2015). Pivoting the Role of Government in the Business and Society Interface: A Stakeholder Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 131, 665. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2297-2.
34. Dawley, S., Pike, A. and Tomaney, J. (2010). Towards the resilient region? Local Economy, 25, 650-667.
35. Donahue, J. D. and Zeckhauser, R. J. (2011). Collaborative Governance: Private Roles for Public Goals in Turbulent times. Princeton University Press. USA.
36. Davids, B and Esau, M. (2012). The prevailing Skill crisis in South Africa: An Exploration of the Skills Development Strategy of the City of Cape Town. Journal of Developing Societies, 28(1), 81-113.
37. Davis, J. R. (2006). Evaluating and Disseminating Experiences in Local Economic Development. Observations on Integrated Development Programmes of the Free DBSA (2009), DBSA Vulindlela Academy. Available at www.dbsa.org/Vulindlela. Accessed on 6 March, 2009.
38. Desse, F. (2012). The Role and Structure of Civil Society Organizations in National and Global Governance Evolution and Outlook between Now and 2030. Working Paper.
39. AUGUR Challenges for Europe in the world in 2030. Project no. SSH-CT-2009-244565 Collaborative Project. Available at: http://www.augurproject.eu/IMG/pdf/cso_note_provisional_draft5_june_2012.pdf. Accessed on 14 July, 2017.
40. Economic Development Department (2011). The New Growth path Framework. Available at: http://www.economic.gov.za/communications/51-publications/151-the-new- growth-path-framework.
41. Economic Development Partnership (2016). The practice of partnering for development. Lessons for University. City Building Presentation to Ford Foundation/HSRC Workshop. http://www.wcedp.co.za/Media/Default/Attachments/University-City_building-A-partnering-approach.pdf.
42. Edigheji, O. (2003). State-Society Relations in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Challenges of Globalisation on Co-Operative Governance. In Guy Mhone and Omano Edigheji (eds.). Governance in the New South Africa: The Challenges of Globalisation, Cape Town. University of Cape Town Press.
43. Eggers, W. and Macmillan, P. (2013). The Social Revolution: How business, government and social enterprises are team up to solve society’s toughest problems. Published by Deloitte Global Services Limited, Kindle edition.
44. Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., and Balogh, S. (2012). An integrative framework for collaborative governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1-29.
45. Essia, U. (2015). Civil Society Organization  Public-Private Partnership in Cameroon: Review of possible Models, Challenges and Prospects. Pan African Institute for Development  West Africa (PAID-WA), Buea-Cameroun.
46. Fedorowicz, Jane, Gogan, Janis, L., Williams, Christine B. (2007). A collaborative network for first responders: Lessons from the Cap WIN case. Government Information Quarterly, 24, 785-807.
47. Fisher, R., Ury, W., and Patton, B. (2011). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving. In 2nd Edition. Random House Business Book. MA. Available at http://www.fd.unl.pt/docentes_docs/ma/AGON_MA_25849.pdf.
48. Fishkin, J. (2009). When the People Speak. Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Freeman, J. (2011). Collaborative Governance in the Administrative State. UCLA Law Review, 45(1), Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Data_Integrity_Notice.cfm?abid=11408.
50. Friedman, A. L. and Miles, S. (2002). Developing stakeholder theory. Journal of Management Studies, 39(1), 1-21.
51. Fung, Archon and Erik Olin Wright (2001). Deepening Democracy: Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance. Politics & Society, 29(1), 5-41.
52. Galli, Anya M. and Fisher, Dana R. (2016). Hybrid Arrangements as a form of Ecological Modernization: the Case of the US Energy Efficiency Conservation Block Grants. Sustainability, 8(1).
53. Gilbert, A. (2002). Scan globally; reinvent locally: reflecting on the origins of South Africa’s capital housing subsidy policy. Urban Studies, 39(10), 1911-1933.
54. Good Governance Learning Network (2008). Local democracy in action. Cape Town: GGLN.
55. Gordhan, P. (2010). The Role of the National Council of Provinces in Co-Operative Government and Intergovernmental Relations: Unlocking the Synergy for Collective Effort. Subject for Discussion. People’s Assembly. Available at http://www.pa.org.za/hansard/2010/august/26/proceedings-of-the-national-council-of-provinces-2/the-role-of-the-national-council-of-provinces-in-c. Accessed on 28th September 2016.
56. Heikkila, Tanya, and Andrea K. Gerlak (2005). The formation of large-scale collaborative resource management institutions: Clarifying the roles of stakeholders, science, and institutions. Policy Studies Journal, 33, 583-612.
57. Hendriks, S. (2013). South Africa’s National Development Plan and New Growth Path: Reflections on Policy Contradictions and Implications for Food Security. AEASA Presidential Address 2012 – 1 October 2012, Bloemfontein.
58. Hindson, D. and Vicente-Hindson, V. (2005). Whither LED in South Africa? A commentary on the Policy Guidelines for Implementing Local Economic Development in South Africa. Unpublished paper, 17 p.
59. Hofisi, C., Mbeba, R., Maredza, A., and Choga, I. (2013) Scoring Local Economic Development Goals in South Africa: Why Local Government is Failing to Score. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(13), 591-595.
60. HSRC (2003). Evaluation of Local Economic Development in the Free State Province. Study Undertaken for the Premier’s Economic Advisory Council of Free State, November 2003.
61. Huxham, C. and Hibbert, P. (2008). Hit or myth? Stories of collaborative success. In: Collaborative governance: a new era of public policy in Australia? ANZSOG. University Printing Services, ANU, Australia, pp. 45-50. ISBN 978-1-9215-3640-3.
62. ILO (2008). Local Economic Development Outlook 2008. Geneva. In Rogerson C. M. (2011). Africa: Global context and research directions, Development Southern Africa, 27(4), 465-480.
63. Imperial, Mark (2005). Using collaboration as a governance strategy: Lessons from six watershed management programs. Administration & Society, 37, 281-320.
64. Innes, J. E., and Booher, D. E. (2010). Planning with Complexity: An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy. London and New York: Routledge.
65. Joeffe, H. (2015). The government cannot go it alone — but is it listening? Business Day Lives. Available at http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2015/08/25/the-government-cannot-go-it-alone– but-is-it-listening.
66. Kaiser, F. M. (2011). Interagency Collaborative Arrangements and Activities: Types, Rationales, Considerations. Congressional Research Service 7-5700, R41803. Available at https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41803.pdf, accessed on January 18, 2016.
67. Katz, C. (2004). Growing Up Global: Economic Restructurng and Children’s Everyday Lives. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
68. Koma, S. B. (2012). The Evolution of Developmental Local Government in South Africa: Issues, Trends and Options. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 9(1), 53-67.
69. Koppenjan, Joop, and Erik-Hans Klijn (2004). Managing uncertainty in networks: A network approach to problem solving and decision making. New York, NY: Routledge. In Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., and Balogh, S. (2012). An integrative framework for collaborative governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1-29.
70. Koschmann, M. A., Kuhn, T. R. and Pfarrer, M. D. (2012). A Communicative Framework of Value in Cross-Sector Partnerships. Academy of Management Review, 37(2), 332-354.
71. Lambshead, C. (2007). LED Policy and Support Units – Provincial Growth and Development Strategies: The case for updating and Strengthening the Influence of the DPL’s National Guidelines. Unpublished Internal Report, DPLG, Pretoria.
72. Leck, H., and Simon, D. (2013). Fostering Multiscalar Collaboration and Co-operation for Effective Governance of Climate Change Adaptation. Urban Studies, 50(6), 1221-1238.
73. Legassick, M. (2010). The crisis of “service delivery”. Delivery, 24, 48-49.
74. MacKinnon, D. and Derickson, K. D. (2012). From resilience to resourcefulness: A critique of resilience policy and activism.
75. Maserumule, M. H. (2008). Framework for strengthening the capacity of municipalities in South Africa: A developmental local government perspective. Journal of Public Administration, 43(3.2).
76. Meyer, D. F. (2014). Local government’s role in the creation of an enabling developmental environment. Administratio Publica, 22(1), 24-46.
77. Meyer-Stamer, J. (2003). Principles of LED: Options for South Africa. Community Self Reliance, 3, 1-4.
78. Montigoe, R. S. (2012). Monitoring and evaluation system utilisation for municipal support. PhD dissertation in public management and governance. North West University. South Africa
79. Moyo, T. (2007). Leadership Challenges for Successful Local Economic Development in South Africa. Journal of Public Administration, 42(3).
80. Murdock, Barbara, Carol Wiessner, and Ken Sexton (2005). Stakeholder participation in voluntary environmental agreements: Analysis of 10 Project XL case studies. Science, Technology & Human Values 30:223-250.
81. National planning Commission (2011). National Development Plan. Pretoria. Government Printer
82. Narsiah, S. (2002). Neoliberalism and privatisation in South Africa. GeoJournal, 57(1), 3-13. Nel, E. (2001). Local Economic Development: An Assessment of its current status in South Africa. Urban Studies, 38(7), 1003-1024.
83. Nel, E. and Rogerson, C. M. (eds.). (2005). Local Economic Development in the Developing World: The Experience of Southern Africa. New Brunswick NJ and London, Transaction Press.
84. Nel, E. and Rogerson, C. M., (2003). Phase 1: Research on framework conditions for local economic development and case studies of selected local economies in South Africa as well as international models and state of the art practices regarding local economic development. Report commissioned by the DBSA, KfW, DPLG, Pretoria.
85. Nelana, B. (2005). Co-operative governance in integrated development planning – Local economic development in the Eastern Cape. Unpublished MPHIL dissertation, University of Stellenbosch. South Africa.
86. O’Leary, R. Nabatchi, T and Bingham, L. B. (2004). Environmental Conflict Resolution. In: Durant, D. Fiorino, & R. O’Leary (eds.). Building Common Purpose: Challenges, Choices, and Opportunities for Environmental Governance in the 21st Century, 323‐354. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
87. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In Emerson, K., Nabatchi, T., and Balogh, S. (2012). In integrative framework for Collaborative Governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 1-29.
88. Pape, M., Fairbrother, P., and Snell, D. (2016). Beyond the State: Shaping Governance and Development Policy in an Australian Region. Journal of Regional Studies, 50(5), 901-921. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1055461. Accessed on 26 September, 2016.
89. Patterson, C. (2008). Country Report on Local Economic Development in South. Unpublished Report prepared for GTZ Strengthening Local Governance Programme in South Africa, Pretoria.
90. Phillips, C. (2014). Partnership lessons from the One Cape Data project. Western Cape Economic Development Partnership (EDP). Series 4. Available at http://www.wcedp.co.za/Media/Default/pex/Case_study_One_Cape.pdf.
91. Provan, K. G., and Kenis, P. (2008). Modes of Network Governance: Structure, Management, and Effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(2), 229-252.
92. Purdy, J. M. (2012). A Framework for Assessing Power in Collaborative Governance Processes. Public Administration Review, 72(3), 409-417.
93. Republic of South Africa (RSA) (1996). Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996. Government Gazette, 378. Pretoria: Government Printer.
94. Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2008). Milestones and challenges of LED practice and academic research, 5, 22-24.
95. Rogerson, C. M. (2011). Local economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: Defining potential roles for national government. African Journal of Business Management, 5(30), 11756-11767. Available at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM.
96. Rogerson, C. M. (2009). Strategic reviews of local economic development in South Africa. GTZ and DPLG: Pretoria.
97. Rogerson, C.M. (2011). Tracking Local Economic Development Policy and Practice in South Africa, 1994-2009. Accessed online from www.springerlink.com/index/.
98. Rogerson, C. M. and Rogerson, J. M. (2010). Tracking Local Economic Development Policy and Practice in South Africa, 1994-2009. Urban Forum, 22(2), 149-168. Accessed 27 April 2013.
99. RSA (2000). Municipal System Acts.
100. RSA (2010). The Role of the National Council of Provinces in Co-Operative Government And Intergovernmental Relations: Unlocking The Synergy For Collective Effort (Subject For Discussion).
101. SALGA (2012). Proceedings of the National Council of Provinces. Appropriation Bill (Policy debate. People’s Assembly). Available at http://www.pa.org.za/speech/466142. Accessed on 26th September 2016.
102. Selmeczi, A. (2015). Haunted by the rebellion of the poor: Civil society and the racialised problem of the (non-) economic subject. Faucault Studies, 20, 52-75.
103. Selsky J. W., Parker B. (2005). Cross-Sector Partnerships to Address Social Issues: Challenges to Theory and Practice. Journal of Management, 31(6), 1-25. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279601.
104. Simmie, J. and Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, 27-44.
105. Smith, L. and Vawda, A. (2003). Citizen vs. Customer: Different Approaches to Public Participation in Service Delivery in Cape Town. Urban Forum, 14(1), 26-52.
106. Swartbooi, N. (2010). The Role of the National Council of Provinces In Co-Operative Government And Intergovernmental Relations: Unlocking The Synergy For Collective Effort (Subject For Discussion. People’s Assembly. Available at http://www.pa.org.za/hansard/2010/august/26/proceedings-of-the-national-council-of-provinces-2/the-role-of-the-national-council-of-provinces-in-c. Accessed on 28th September 2016.
107. Thomson, A. M., and Perry, J. (2006). Collaboration processes: Inside the black box. Public Administration Review, 66, 20-32.
108. Tomlinson, P. R. and Branston, J. R. (2016). Determinants of Firm Influence in Local Economic Governance and Development: Evidence from Two British Industrial Districts. School of Management, University of Bath, UK.
109. Torres, L. H. (2003). Deliberative Democracy: A Survey of the Field. A Report Prepared for the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Washington, DC: America Speaks.
110. Trah, G. (2005). Local Economic Development in South Africa: Addressing the Challenges. Bonn: GTZ. Available at http://led.co.za/sites/led.co.za/files/documents/52.pdf.
111. Turok, I. (2010). Towards a developmental state? Provincial economic policy in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 27(4), 497-515. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2010.508582.
112. Visser, W. (2004). Shifting RDP into GEAR: The ANC Government’s Dilemma in Providing an Equitable System of Social Security for the “New” South Africa. Paper Presented at the 40th ITH Linzer Konferenz [online]. Accessed on 15 October 2013.
113. South African History Online. Trevor Manuel unveils GEAR, From: South African History Online. Available at http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/trevor-manuel-unveils-gear. Accessed at 4 November 2013.
114. Williamson, A. (2004). Mapping Public Deliberation. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government.
115. Wolfe, D. A. (2010). The strategic management of core cities: Path dependence and economic adjustment in resilient regions. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, 139-152.
116. World Bank (2012). Local Economic Development Quick Reference Guide, Urban Development Unit. The World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at http:/www.worldbank.org/urban/led/led_pamphlet.pdf.
117. World Bank (2003). Local Economic Development: Quick Reference. Urban Development World Bank. Washington, D.C. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
118. Yamak and Suer (2005). State as Stackholder. Coporate Governance, 5, 111-120.
119. Zurba, M. (2014). Levelling the Playing Field: Fostering Collaborative Governance towards On-Going Reconciliation. Environmental Policy and Governance. Environmental Policy Governance, 24, 134-146.