Entrepreneurial Intention Without a Supportive and Enabling Leadership Environment Exacerbates Global Poverty: A Perspective from Young People and Community Organisations

: This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of investigating the correlation between entrepreneurial intentions, supportive and enabling leadership and global poverty. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of fighting global poverty indicates that the current approach is insufficient, inefficient, ineffective, and unsustainable. The purpose of this research is to investigate the linkages between entrepreneurial intentions, supportive and enabling leadership, and global poverty. It also examines how a lack of support, and the absence of an enabling environment can exacerbate global poverty. Methodological tools of the conducted analysis were the methods of longitudinal study that is based on analyses of previous empirical studies using a cross-case study analysis approach. The research is devoted to researching three key questions: What do young people and community organizations see as their main support needs in Nigeria to tackle poverty? 2) How can policy makers be influenced using social marketing techniques (SMT)? 3) The Leadership of Enterprise Education on Poverty Alleviation and Unemployment in Africa. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis, which showed the impossibility of achieving constructive progress in Nigerian entrepreneurial development/intensions, particularly amongst young people and community organizations unless there is consistency in government support packages to enable a leadership environment. According to the results of the study, a conclusion about the absence and insufficient provision of the processes of forming a favorable environment for these processes was made. The inconsistency between the leadership promotions of entrepreneurship education/activities without the necessary/commensurate or adequate support package that appears to be needed by young people and community organizations for the purpose entrepreneurship advancement has been proven. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves the insufficiency of entrepreneurial knowledge and education to achieve significant progress in entrepreneurship development. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that the exchange rate has a positive impact, while the current uncertainty and unpredictability further exacerbate unemployment, poverty and economic development. This investigates the linkages between entrepreneurial intentions, supportive and enabling leadership environments and global poverty. We also examine how the lack of support and the absence of an enabling environment can exacerbate global poverty. More must be done in this micro sector of economy. Notably, the that and rural community require must include: this study. As regards the outcomes of both “Tackling Poverty” (Eguruze, 2016) and “Strategy for Tackling Poverty in Nigeria” (Euroize, 2017), as well as Uddin and Uddin (2013), the outcome was similar. The greatest course of poverty amongst the young and communities is unemployment and low wages. A lack of access to education due to costs, age, gender and religious barriers/constraints, amongst others, is also an issue, particularly in Nigeria. World Bank/IMF loans and climate are also perceived as key issues.


Introduction
The purpose of this study is to examine the linkages between entrepreneurial intentions, lack of support and the absence of an enabling environment that contributes to poverty. The term 'entrepreneurship intentions' encompasses education, knowledge, the desire to set up an entrepreneurial venture (including via selfemployment), the ability to create new products, and improving, updating, or modifying existing products. Across the globe, including in developing regions such as Africa, studies have indicated that pursuing entrepreneurial education alone may be worthless in the absence of an enabling leadership environment. (Dunn and Nwafor, 2019). However, there is no corresponding drive currently to help set up enterprise ventures amongst the organisations that promote enterprise education. It is a considerable fallacy/paradox.
In this study, we develop our previous research paper − The Leadership of Enterprise Education on Poverty Alleviation and Unemployment in Africa. We previously highlighted the relevance of leadership in enterprise education. There are some fundamental differences between that study and the focus of the current one. For example, In the previous study, the authors emphasized the usefulness of leadership for advancing entrepreneurship education. Previous authors focussed on having the right mindset and the ability to innovate and create new ideas as critical elements required to set up businesses. Our previous study suggested that this approach could help eradicate poverty and unemployment in Africa. However, in contrast, the current research indicates that possessing the right mindset and being creative or innovative alone is insufficient to mobilize entrepreneurship to reduce poverty amongst young people and community organisations in Africa. More support is undoubtedly needed. The crucial difference between this and the previous study is insufficient, and a lot more is needed to be provided: to overcome poverty and unemployment, particularly amongst young people and community organisations.
Accordingly, we argue that inputs/resources such as support (from family and friends), micro-finance, small start-up grants, guaranteed loans, support for marketing research or marketing intelligence, as well as shop fronts/premises, and a more enabling leadership environment are additional essential ingredients that are required. This paper investigates the linkages between entrepreneurial intentions, supportive and enabling leadership environments and global poverty. We also examine how the lack of support and the absence of an enabling environment can exacerbate global poverty. More must be done in this micro sector of the economy. Notably, the support that young people and rural community organisations require must include: access to micro-finances or funding (e.g. guaranteed loans, grants and others) for start-ups, growth/expansion, marketing intelligence, skills training and development opportunities, business equipment support, shop-front improvement, marketing research, environmental enhancement towards an entrepreneurial culture, access to basic infrastructural facilities: water, stable electricity supplies, public transportation systems and good roads.
We argue that a supportive and enabling leadership environment will significantly enhance the probability of ensuring entrepreneurship development globally. It could fundamentally change the course of undertaking business/entrepreneurship and therefore reduce unemployment, a consequence of poverty across the globe. The paper leads with a literature review followed by a methodology, a discussion and a conclusion.

Literature Review
This literature review focuses on the following key cases that underpin the theoretical framework applied within the study: Dana (1987;2000); Dun and Nwafor (2019); Eguruze (2016; 2017; 2019); Kumari, (2020); Eguruze, and Kumari (2020); Uddin & Uddin (2013) and UNFPA (2021). Entrepreneurial Support in this context refers to stability and enablement. The "economy likes certainty", as Barret (2022:15) once argued, meaning that fluctuating/high inflation, interest rates, volatility and flexibility damage entrepreneurship and the overall economy. It unpredictability is damaging for markets in terms of their stability and certainty.

Leadership in Enterprise.
As per Daniel et al. (2019), enterprise education and leadership skills are critical within all levels of the organisation, as they are essential skills that can stimulate socio-economic advancement. It is why enterprise education and leadership must be incorporated into business to tackle rapidly shifting geo-economic inclinations, especially as the world is now on the verge of entering a predominantly techno-economic age. This view is shared by Daniel et al. (2016), who argued that enterprise education is relevant at all business levels and should be promoted positively.
In developing regions such as Africa, cumulative poverty is an increasingly emerging poverty strand that is re-occurring and re-cyclical. It is perceived as a barrier to infrastructural development. It is mainly caused by human factors, including leadership failures due mainly to corruption amongst top governmental officials and politicians Uddin and Uddin, 2013;Eguruze, 2016;2017;2020;. In other words, underdeveloped economies and anti-people policies are holding entire nations back in deprived and uncivilized conditions in terms of socio-economic, political, and developmental growth (Dun and Nwafor, 2019: 1). This is also the case with the kind of pro-poor policy seen in Vietnam (Trans, 2013). It has created a generation of impressionable and frustrated youths who are increasingly recruited to guerrilla gangs and militias to contribute to twisted agendas (Duna and Nwafor, 2019).
Today, many African youths are involved in all manner of illegal activities, such as armed robbery, murder, human as well as drug trafficking, social disruption, espionage, vandalism, and terrorism." (Ibid, p. 22).  found that enterprise education creates a supportive environment for jobs and wealth creation. It facilitates individual and national growth and development, and it creates sustained employment and poverty elimination. The paper also finds that youth engagement and empowerment can improve Gross Domestic Product (GDP), arrest social unrest, reduce crime rates, and eliminate economic insecurity.
Entrepreneurship is presented as an innovative and creative approach to business operations (Schumperter, 1934). At the same time, "innovation, (a related phenomenon), is paramount to entrepreneurship, and differentiates entrepreneurial behaviour from managerial activity (Schumpeter, 1934, in Hoque et al., 2014. In contrast, "innovation, (is also seen as) that quality of entrepreneurs by which initiatives are taken in a systematic, purposeful, and organized way and helps in bringing change regarding many dimensions of business (product, process, technology, promotion, price, etc.), to satisfy the needs of the customers and thereby remain ahead in the marketplace (Hoque et al., 2014: 134). Equally, an enterprise also needs to apply strategic thinking, which is "to (enable it) combat the challenges of competitors as well as to identify the business opportunity from the volatile environment and thereby making the organisation more successful as such an entrepreneur must think strategically" (Hoque et al., 2014: 134).
An "…entrepreneur is that person who has the ability and mentality to start an enterprise either for producing goods or rendering services for a profit motive. (Hoque et al., 2014: 131). In contrast, "entrepreneurship is the process of creating a new enterprise (Low andMacmillan, 1998, in Hoque, et al., 2014: 131). These are only part of a wide range of skills and knowledge sets vital for running organisations efficiently, effectively, competitively, and sustainably. Developing regions such as Africa are yet to embrace them in their national policy to tackle poverty using entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial knowledge models.
Global poverty elimination is undoubtedly more likely to benefit from adopting critical entrepreneurial knowledge, intentions, education, and skills, including staying out of government control or less politicizing the drive towards global reduction. As noted above, entrepreneurship-oriented projects are profit-motivated and support a culture where entrepreneurs always maximize profit when possible. Profit motivation and maximizing profit form a considerable part of entrepreneurial education, intentions and knowledge by providing support and consistently enabling leadership. It involves risk-taking, innovation and creativity. These are some questions for entrepreneurs and must focus on developing regions such as Africa. Thus, a radical change in entrepreneurial education, intention and knowledge is vital for the benefit of all stakeholders across the globe. Reducing poverty is about saving and/or transforming lives. Saving lives is always a win-win for all stakeholders (Eguruze, ibid).

Entrepreneurial Venture Experiences/Narratives from Across the Globe
India, Asia. In one of their collaborations, Kumari and Eguruze (2022) examined the roles of social entrepreneurs in empowering women and rural community development in India. It took place in poverty relief and was a qualitative study. The authors analyzed a cross-case analysis of two previous social entrepreneurial ventures. In their findings, the following points were noted: 1) five key roles were identified (social change agent, rural community development, via economic development, women empowerment, sustainability livelihood, and social mobility); 2) diverse characteristics, and 3) these roles and characteristics are interlinked and not isolated; meaning that they can function separately as well as interfunction/multi-dimensionally. These findings led the authors to conclude that social entrepreneurial techniques, skills and knowledge are critical to the transformation/transmission of rural community development. Learning this insight is fundamentally critical to understanding social entrepreneurial knowledge. The study adopted a cross-case study of two SEVs based on in-depth interviews with two SEVs. Focus groups/discussion groups were undertaken, and photos were taken. Participant observation was also carried out by videoing the event/location. The authors found that SEs/SEVs can be viewed as social acting change agents, they can solve many prevalent social problems in society. They can empower women and can play a part in rural community development. They can also facilitate social mobility and drive aspirations through rural infrastructural development and new social policy. Dana (2000) identified a combination of valuable data for establishing entrepreneurs in India. This work encompassed a historical perspective based on cultural considerations such as colonial connections and caste heritage. Government limitations were the significant barriers that had a negative impact on innovative entrepreneurship in India. There is a current focus in India on how to change these mindsets to create greater self-confidence and support. It is believed that these could help build or produce highflyers (i.e., via efforts to foster entrepreneurship in the country e.g., The Entrepreneurship Development Institute in India (EDII), the Chambers of Commerce, etc. The study found that India is culturally diverse, comprising several different ethnicities. It has an enormous population base from which to single out entrepreneurial personalities. Organisations such as the Chambers of Commerce and Entrepreneurship Development work closely to lay the foundations for creating entrepreneurs. Increasingly, people's confidence and making available important resources that entrepreneurs need to succeed are key priorities for India in its drive to achieve economic gains/goals. India's unique method of encouraging entrepreneurship and creating entrepreneurs emphasizes empowering young people and rural communities to give them the selfconfidence to experience or experiment with entrepreneurship development. It helps build an economy that is more reliant on entrepreneurship.
Greece, EU.  highlighted that while literature sources and government often link entrepreneurship with innovation (and creativity), Greece uses small business to preserve cultural traditions. It was an ethnographic field research study with a global perspective that highlighted efforts to promote the long-term development of rural, small-scale enterprises in traditional sectors of the Greek economy. The study encompassed The Hellenic Organisations for Medium and Small size Enterprises and Handicrafts, the Handicraft Artisan Sector, and the Greek Productivity Centre. Two problems were addressed by EDMMEX's structure and selling Greek. It provides consulting services. At the international level, ELKEPA works with the European centre for Vocational Training, facilitated by the Directorates of the European assists ELKPA. Two problems are addressed by EDMMEX's strategy: (1) Selling Greek arts and crafts given the extended distribution between Greece and Northern Europe. (2) Creating a viable option for regional development. EDMMEX has been quite clear that it has solved these two economic problems while managing to sustain the richness of Greek culture. Other countries might do well to look to Greece as an example of how economic development does not need to occur at the expense of tradition and how entrepreneurship can take time to develop. One should mention that vast improvement is required, mainly to address bureaucracy and the tax structure. Otherwise, the growth of the artisan sector can be assured. The process of launching a firm is still stifled by the amount of paperwork that the entrepreneur must complete within and across the levels of government, and, once in operation, the entrepreneur is faced with high taxes to sustain business performance.
The above factors/strategies relating to the promotion of entrepreneurship emphasize how government support/policy promotes small businesses to preserve the culture of Greece. It was, ultimately, the overriding focus. By adopting such a strategy, Greece could maintain its basic traditional artisan and craftsmanship trade sectors. Again, by adopting such a long-term strategy, entrepreneurial leadership led to sustainable growth.
Nigeria, Africa. We analyze three cases here. First, Eguruze (2016)'s Ph.D. research is discussed, focusing on "Tackling Poverty". This was published as a book in the US. This study involved 300 respondents aged between 18-35 years, including young people and policymakers mainly from the grassroots of business and representing 19 rural community organisations. The methodology involved a mixed-methods design engaging both quantitative and qualitative approaches, including a discussion forum. The views of the various stakeholders were debated at a strategy conference hosted in Bayelsa. The paper concludes that a combination of employment-related factors could help eradicate cumulative poverty in Nigeria. It further suggests that access to real jobs and employment and job opportunities (including better wages and better employee welfare and wellbeing) could be a fundamental solution to poverty eradication in Nigeria. It implies that employment creation is a direct function of the poverty reduction goal and national development. Similarly, the current study highlights that effective railway transport would offer a significant job-creating opportunity, which could eliminate poverty. Therefore, the authors argue that employment creation and poverty reduction strategies are practical motivating factors for railway development. These should drive the need for more effective national railway transportation, which would significantly shape better performance and GDP outcomes. However, as regards generalization, it is to be noted that this study is limited to one state in Nigeria (Bayelsa). It is not, therefore, a national study. The findings were, however, supported by other research carried out in a Nigerian national setting (see Uddin and Uddin, 2013), which was also motivated by high unemployment amongst the nation's youth segments.
In contrast, we reviewed another field work, "Strategy for Tackling Poverty in Nigeria". This book was also published in the US. An evaluation of what the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) members' community perspectives as the support needs in Nigeria in 'Tackling Poverty' and how to sway policymakers using social marketing techniques has also been reviewed (Eguruze, 2017). It was a post-Doctoral work and, by contrast, the context in which the study was undertaken was different. This field study comprised a sample of over 351 graduates aged between 24 and 65 years, including policymakers and young people within the NYSC members' community national organisations. This sample was selected from across Nigeria. Although similar in theme and outlook, more broad-based and covers national data regarding the respondents. The sampling size was also slightly larger than 351 but not significantly different. Similarly, Author House published it as an online book in Bloomington, the USA. Nevertheless, as with the previous study, this review also noted that combining employment-related factors could help eradicate cumulative poverty in Nigeria. Access to real jobs and creating employment and job opportunities, including better pay or wages and better employee welfare and wellbeing, were seen as fundamental solutions to poverty. The paper supports and re-enforces earlier findings that suggest that real jobs opportunities and employment creation is and/or should be a real motivation for Nigerian railway transportation development, aside from improvements toward better GDP. Unlike the previous study, this was a nationwide study in which national data were collected and analyzed. The outcomes were supported by Uddin and Uddin, (2013).
Uddin and Uddin (2013) envisioned a Nigeria where individuals and government at all levels (federal, state and local governments) should unite to ensure that every citizen is 'resourceful and useful.' This is the only way to guarantee employment, particularly youth unemployment. Graduates are produced every year, yet there are no commensurate employment levels. This left young people without jobs and raised crime levels, including cybercrime such as "419" scamming. That is the only solution to the problem of high youth unemployment. Unless employment amongst young people is resolved they will continue to engage in activities that disrupt the economy's stability. According to the authors, the only solution to youth unemployment is to create a "supportive" and "enabling environment". The purpose of the study was to examine the causes, effects and solutions to youth unemployment in Nigeria. The authors were disappointed by the youth unemployment rate and escalating crime rates. The main findings were that youth unemployment in Nigeria is caused by six key problems/factors, and six significant effects have created conflict and hatred amongst the 'haves' and 'have nots'. It has led to communal clashes and the rise of such groups as Boko Haram and the Niger Delta Militants. It has also increased armed robbery, prostitution and child trafficking. According to the authors, the only solution to youth unemployment is to create a 'supportive' and 'enabling environment' on a consistent and long-term basis.
Nigeria/India Collaborative Work.  produced a case review of previous empirical work undertaken by collaborating scholars. One study was undertaken in India on the role of social entrepreneurship in poverty alleviation, while the other was undertaken in Nigeria and looked at the role of social marketing techniques in reducing poverty. A comparative analysis was conducted in the process. There was evidence that social marketing techniques and social entrepreneurship could collectively contribute to eliminating cumulative poverty. However, their approaches may also achieve a meaningful solution towards same desirable end.
Malaysia/Singapore, Asia. In Singapore, Dana (1987)'s work highlighted some basic factors that drove Singapore towards becoming a world-leading industrialized nation following her independence from Malaysia. Dana proposed a series of industrial development efforts in Malaysia and Singapore and a series of pro-free enterprise industrial policies, as with Vietnam, following their war and international isolation (Trans, 2013; Eguruze, 2016;2017;. In fact, following its independence from Malaysia, Singapore adopted free enterprise industrial policies with an emphasis on aggressively promoting small businesses and enterprises. This type of pro-poor pro-business and pro-enterprise development policy was initiated across the country to enable businesses and/or entrepreneurs to set up, run/operate and grow/expand with zero tax burdens. It consisted of micro-financial packages to support start-ups and to encourage them to develop their businesses in Singapore. Evidence of this policy can be seen everywhere, as Singapore has become a best practice global exemplar. According to Dana (ibid), examples of industrial support packages that propelled Singapore towards such phenomenal industrial development can be traced to industrial policy that was prosmall businesses on a long-term basis. The key national strategy was, in fact, to put small business activities at the forefront of national development. What positive lessons can a developing country such as Nigeria learns from this?

Bosnia, EU
Bosnia, EU, Youth and Emigration Crisis: Brain Drain Issue was also a qualitative study. The motivation for this study was a perceived process of brain drain. According to Reuters, Bosnia is losing out to other countries in retaining their vibrant workforce. The problem appears to be beyond their control. Bosnia seems unable to sustain its youthful population as they continue to emigrate abroad. The reasons for this include poor education lack of access to free quality education, low wages, and poor employment opportunities. This is also the case with other developing countries such as Nigeria. Consequently, emigration rate has been perceived as a threat to the country's future. Youth unemployment is thus a key indicator of poverty in Bosnia. Other factors that drive poverty include emigration, low wages and a lack of infrastructure. The rate at which young people from Bosnia depart the country for elsewhere is a huge social concern and yet beyond the control of the government. For example, there is a concern that 23,000 of the 50,000 that left the country are within the critical youthful age range of 18-29, which is worrying. Consequently, UNFPA pointed out that should this trend continue, Bosnia's population could suffer from negative growth. As a result, the country has started to seek ways of reducing youth emigration, with strategies such as improving salary levels as well as vocational training According to a United Nations Population Funds (UNFPA) Report in 2021, average emigration (i.e., young people leaving Bosnia) amounted to about 50,000-55,000, most skilled workers and professionals. Many have relatives and yet still emigrate abroad. So, UNFPA forecasts that if this trend continues, Bosnia's population could drop to under 1.6 million by 2070, from its current level of 3 million. As John Kennedy Mosofi of the UNFPA (2021) pointed out, "we know that 23,000 of these 50,000 are young people aged between 18 and 29 years (Mosofi, 2012). Further, he argued, 'that should alarm every country, every segment of society, and that should alarm policymakers (Mosofi, 2021). This brain drain, therefore, represents a serious social threat. Brain drain is causing other impacts and many companies in Bosnia are complaining. According to Comex Management, a producer of Metal Parts "...companies across Bosnia increasingly complain about a lack of skilled workers. And that to mitigate these challenges, they are 'they are offering (incentives such as) 'vocational training and more competitive salaries' (to young people who want to stay). Further, Cromex's management confirms this state's 'we are struggling to keep our workers here'. According to Cromex's General Manager, Enes Pehlic states, 'we cannot stop young people going abroad even after they complete the training, although not everyone will leave' Narratives Bosnian Youths. On the one hand, Kotroman, aged (2021), 17 years old of age welder skilled, argues if a youth is lucky to secure a good job and/or skill training, there is no need to leave Bosnia to an overseas country. It is an optimistic perspective. On the other hand, Pirusic (2021), from Sarajevo, Bosnia, who is 23-year-old and studying architecture, argues for leaving Bosnia for better prospects abroad after qualifying, according to the Reuters, Daria, S.S. (2021) Wed 24 November 2021. As Pirusic further summarised, bribery, corruption, nepotism, familiarity, and political affiliation are significant problems, making it extremely difficult to secure a well-paying job in Bosnia. The unemployment rate in Bosnia is as high as 34% among young people, according to (UNFPA, 2021). By contrast, there appears to be a considerable lack of self-belief and cynicism/pessimism.

Methodology
A longitudinal study design was considered based on an analysis of previous empirical studies -"What the young people and community organisations perceives their support needs in Nigeria in tackling poverty" and "How to sway policymakers, using social marketing techniques (SMT)?", and "The Leadership of Enterprise Education on Poverty Alleviation and Unemployment in Africa", (across case study approach) was adopted in this study. These various studies spanned from 1987 to 2021, over 11 years period. These include (Dana, 1987; (2013) provided no sample details. The Indian study was also a Ph.D./qualitative study in India, undertaken by Kumari (2020) and the sample-size utilized was 57). By contrast, the UNFPA (2012) study was a review of the literature. By comparison, Dum and Nwafor, (2019) looked at African youth using a survey comprising pre-tested and close-ended questions with selfmonitoring capability distributed to over 500 participants. These data were analyzed and the factors, causes, experiences and solutions to poverty were discussed and interpreted. Ultimately, there were some linkages between enterprise education, intentions and knowledge, and poverty eradication.

The Differences Between Previous and Current Studies
The differences between the previous studies and the current study in terms of purpose, methodology and scientific novelty are highlighted as follows below in Table 2. Case-study design and meta-analysis of previous cases. Thereafter, descriptive approach was adopted to describe these, whilst drawing heavily on literature evidence from same. This was supported by two tables (Table 1 and 2) (1) There are linkages between entrepreneurial intention, supportive and enabling leadership environment.
(2) Lack of support and the absence of an enabling environment can exacerbate global poverty.
(3) how a lack of support, and the absence of an enabling environment can exacerbate global poverty There is inconsistency in support from Nigerian Government. More is needed from Governments. Dana (1987;2000) Literature development The importance of governmental support targeted at young people and towards entrepreneurial activities. It also the significance of building self-confidence amongst youth entrepreneurs. Dun and Nwafor (2019) Focused on examining whether or entrepreneurship intention and knowledge could generate a road map to poverty reduction? 500 (empirical data); Adopted quantitative research; using a survey comprising of pre-tested and close-ended questions with self-monitoring capability, distributed to over 500 participants.
Dun and Nwafor, (2019) looked at African youth using a survey comprising of pre-tested and close-ended questions with selfmonitoring capability, distributed to over 500 participants. It is important to provide support and empower rural women to help them. That way, rural women have much to offer in supporting their families: school, feeding, and improve general welfare and wellbeing of the rural economy reduction. They no longer depend on their husband for basic day to day survival.  Examined previous case studies relating to two specific cases in an attempt to answer the research question: whether or not extreme poverty/cumulative poverty could be eliminated?
A Literature development paper. The authors reviewed past case studies using social marketing and social entrepreneurship techniques.
Based on the analysis it was found that, it was plausible that extreme poverty/cumulative poverty could be eliminated providing effective social marketing (social policies) as well as social entrepreneurial support is available.
Udin and Udin (2013) -It examines the impact of youth unemployment in Nigeria. School leavers aged between 15-19 mostly affected; Followed Higher Education graduates -young people age 24 years and above are helpless and roaming the streets of Nigeria, hopelessly/helplessly.

(a review, secondary data)
It highlights the impact/effect of corruption and poor governance in Nigeria, which has led to high unemployment rates amongst youths, after leaving schools, colleges and universities. It also highlights the lack of care, support and absence of conducive, exemplary leadership environment to learn from. It shows the linkages between poor governance, corruption and unemployment and increasing crime rate in Nigeria. UNFPA (2021) -author's review 2022purpose was to examine how in the migration could take place right at the heart of a developed European environment, caused by similar factors: corruption, nepotism, based on family/friendship linkages (a review, secondary data). This was a national survey undertaken by the United Nation's Population Fund (UNPF).
To highlight the impact of migration: causes, effects and experiences and plausible solutions. The impact of all these social challengesreduction of much needed youth workforce population in Bosnia, which could affect the future development potentiality of Bosnia.
Source: Compiled by the authors As noted in Table 2, we attempted to highlight, evaluate and isolate the main issues relating to the various case studies. Through this analysis, we clarified the main differences between the previous and current studies in terms of purpose, methodology, and scientific novelty. The data above reveals a linkage between entrepreneurial intentions, supportive and enabling leadership, and global poverty. It also examines how a lack of support and the absence of an enabling environment can exacerbate global poverty. We argue that a supportive and enabling leadership environment will significantly enhance the probability of ensuring entrepreneurship development across the globe.
The study finds that there can be no constructive progress in Nigerian entrepreneurial development/intentions, particularly amongst young people and community organisations unless there is no consistency in government support packages to enable a leadership environment. The requisite supportive and enabling environment is evidently absent and inadequately provided. There is an inconsistency between the leadership promotions of entrepreneurship education/activities without the necessary/commensurate or adequate support package that appears to be needed by young people and community organisations for entrepreneurship advancement. Entrepreneurial knowledge and education alone are insufficient to bring about significant progress in the development of entrepreneurship.

Discussion of the Findings
The current study finds that (1) enterprise education (enterprise intention and knowledge) alone is insufficient to adequately eradicate poverty and stimulate economic growth. It cannot cut youth crime and cannot empower youth and women.
It accords with Dun and Nwafor (2019). (2) More is needed to achieve a substantial level of poverty, including government support and an enabling leadership environment, including policy support. It resonates with Daniels et al. (2016), (3) financial support/access to microfinance (via small guaranteed loans and grants, targeted skills acquisition and training, enabling environment/enabling leadership) is needed. It agrees with Eguruze (ibid); Dun and Nwafor); (4) preserving culture through small businesses; government support as in India  creating entrepreneurs as in India ; Industrial development efforts in Malaysia and Singapore (Dana, 1987); Particularly cumulative poverty eradication through entrepreneurship and social marketing technique sustainable, is plausible with more integrated support on a multidimensional basis that could also ensure the probability of eliminating intergenerational poverty . Social entrepreneurship for women empowerment/rural artisans and tribal handicrafts entrepreneurs (Kumari, 2020; Kumari and Eguruze, 2020; 2021; Kumari, Ratnesh and Eguruze, 2020), social entrepreneurs in women's empowerment and indigenous peoples' development (Kumari, 2020); Policy support for rural/traditional science and technology in Nigeria (Daniels et al., 2016). An earlier study found a comprehensive list of 50 entrepreneurs and solutions support packages (Eguruze, Emeti, & Ogriki, 2021).
Additionally, in Bosnia, EU 2012, the review on youth emigration crisis and brain-drain by United Nations Population Fund (UNPA) (2012) also found unemployment, nepotism, corruption, poor education, organised crime, etc. are consequences of poverty. Eguruze (2017; 2017; 2022) conducted qualitative research into Nigerian respondents, mainly university graduates. Four major forms of support were among the list of support needs that young people and community organisations demanded: ➢ Skills acquisition and training, infrastructural facilities, and farming (agriculture) as an enterprise. They want to receive support that would enable them to engage in farming as an enterprise; ➢ Familial support in entrepreneurship. They also expect support from their families and more crucially from the government; ➢ Requesting the establishment of industries so that school leavers can easily find work to minimize their vulnerability to crime or criminal activities, which are potentially life changing and damaging their future; ➢ Infrastructural facilities, as well as skills acquisitions and training. However, regrettably, such support is neither available nor forthcoming. Establishing industries so that school leavers can easily find work will take great planning.
As the analysis and discussion show, there are linkages between entrepreneurial education, intention and knowledge on the one hand and a supportive and enabling leadership environment on the other. Entrepreneurship intentions play an inherent role in economic development. In various ways, there is an inextricable linkage between entrepreneurship support and economic development. Economic development is presented here as "a process of structural change which requires both external and internal initiative to diversify the economic structure and create linkages" (Al-Roubaie, 2014) to improve welfare, wellbeing, and prosperity. Entrepreneurship emphasizes the need to collaborate, innovate (improve) and create (new things), while retaining independence. That is where the pertinence of government support and enabling leadership environment came in as an inevitable economic development tool. In this context, we view: (1) entrepreneurship support and enablement as a crucial opportunity for economic development and (2) entrepreneurship support and an enabling leadership environment as a strategy for funding youth entrepreneurship development in developing nations such as Africa.
We advocate entrepreneurial thinking would be relevant and beneficial to the global economy, particularly in developing countries such as Africa. It underscores the importance of sustainable, efficient and practical approaches, such as long-term support and an enabling leadership environment. Adopting a more radical and different approach that involves persuasion and changing attitudes, behaviours, mindsets and cultural values would be more appropriate (Kotler and Zaltman, 1971). Entrepreneurship is presented as an innovative and creative approach to business operations (Schumperter, 1934), while "innovation is the paramount factor of entrepreneurship that differentiates the entrepreneurial behaviour from managerial activity (Schumpeter, 1934, in Hoque et al., 2014. By contrast, "innovation is that quality of entrepreneurship by which initiatives are taken in a systematic, purposeful, and organized way to create changes to the business in terms of product, process, technology, promotion and price amongst others. It means that customers' needs are satisfied and a competitive advantage in the marketplace can be achieved (Hoque et al., 2014: 134). Equally, NRC also needs to apply strategic thinking, enabling it to combat the challenges of competitors and identify business opportunities in a volatile environment" (Hoque et al., 2014: 134). "An entrepreneur is someone with the ability and mentality to start an enterprise either for producing goods or rendering services profit motive" (Hoque et al., 2014: 131). Therefore, "entrepreneurship is the process of creating or creation of new enterprise" (Low and Macmillan, 1998, in Hoque et al., 2014: 131). These are only part of a wide range of skills and knowledge sets vital for running organisations efficiently, effectively, competitively, and sustainably, which the NRC is yet to identify.
Developing regions, such as Africa, are more likely to benefit from adopting such critical knowledge and skills, including support for youth entrepreneurship ventures and a leadership environment. As noted above, entrepreneurship-oriented projects are 'for-profit'. Profit motivation and maximizing profit could lead to further consumption, savings and investments (Keynes, 1935;1936;Schumpeter, 1911;1935;1926). Supporting and enabling youth entrepreneurship ventures could also encourage a culture of risk-taking, innovativeness and creativity.

Interpretations of Findings and Implication
As noted in the above analysis, this status-quo (extreme poverty; cumulative poverty) across the world is mainly human made and/or orchestrated. Unavoidably, corruption amongst top government officials and politicians (Eguruze, ibid, Uddin and Uddin, 2013) is the main underlying factor, which again points to a need to review or re-analyze and re-evaluate contemporary global leadership styles. It implies the need for a more supportive and enabling leadership environment that tends toward meeting micro-financial needs, such as guaranteed loans, soft loans, cash-grants, equipment grants, business premises development grants, marketing-grants, or business rates grants, marketing research grants, tax-holidays (Eguruze, Emetic and Ogriki, 2019). Together, these meet the needs of small entrepreneurs or small and medium enterprises. It is expected that this combination of support and an enabling environment could help establish an entrepreneurship culture.

Root Causes of Poverty.
As regards the root causes, aside from political corruption, other known causes are deemed relevant to this study. As regards the outcomes of both "Tackling Poverty" (Eguruze, 2016) and "Strategy for Tackling Poverty in Nigeria" (Euroize, 2017), as well as Uddin and Uddin (2013), the outcome was similar. The greatest course of poverty amongst the young and communities is unemployment and low wages. A lack of access to education due to costs, age, gender and religious barriers/constraints, amongst others, is also an issue, particularly in Nigeria. World Bank/IMF loans and climate are also perceived as key issues.

Experiences of Poverty.
The research implication of this study has been identified as lack of support, good leadership and an impactful conducive environment. In developing regions of Africa, including in Nigeria, and in India and Asia, as well as in Bosnia in the EU, young people are emigrating/migrating/being trafficked. Other challenges they face include engaging in several troubling social practices such as criminal activities, prostitution, child labour, hungers, starvation (Eguruze, ibid, Kumari and Eguruze, 2020; Dun and Nwafor, 2019). The inevitable consequences of these are huge, and poverty is an existential threat to humanity. The challenge is that poverty is not just for the weak and vulnerable but also for the rich and powerful. If not tackled, there is a potential for social chaos and disintegration across the globe. Until cumulative poverty or extreme poverty is eliminated, no-one is safe. Eradicating poverty would save lives. It is a win-win for all (Eguruze, ibid). This study provides a learning point for practitioners, policy makers, and researchers. The paradox is that without tackling the main-root causes, experiences and solutions to poverty at the global level, the current status-quo cannot change.

Solutions to Poverty.
On the other hand, as regards solutions, it was also found that creating real jobs and employment opportunities are the most likely solutions to cumulative poverty in developing regions such as Nigeria. Focusing on these employment-generating strategies is likely to eliminate unemployment and therefore, cumulative poverty and extreme poverty. It means that a great deal of more support is needed. Again, this would suggest that present strategies are unsustainable insufficient, inefficient and ineffective. By contrast, Kumari and Eguruze, (2021) focused on two regions of the world: India in Asia and Nigeria in Africa. The outcomes of the studies were similar. There was evidence that both social marketing and social entrepreneurship methods could collectively contribute towards eliminating cumulative poverty. However, their approaches may also achieve a meaningful solution to ward the same desirable end.
Again, the above would suggest that the current approach is insufficient, inefficient, ineffective, and unsustainable. A change, of course, could therefore be necessarily beneficial. Its uncertainty and unpredictability are not suitable for the market in terms of stability and certainty.

Findings/Conclusion and Suggestions
The main findings of the study indicate there can be no constructive progress in Nigerian entrepreneurial development/intentions, particularly amongst young people and community organisations, unless there is consistency in government support packages and the introduction of enabling leadership environments. The requisite supportive and enabling environment is evidently absent and inadequately provided. There is an inconsistency between the promotion of entrepreneurship education/activities without the necessary/commensurate or adequate support package that appears to be needed by young people and community organisations for entrepreneurial advancement. Entrepreneurial knowledge and education alone are insufficient to bring about significant progress in entrepreneurship development. All of these imply that the current approach is insufficient, inefficient, ineffective and unsustainable.

Suggestions
It would make a meaningful or positive impact on young people and rural communities if supportive and enabling leadership environments for small entrepreneurs across the globe were introduced. More importantly, if relevant, supportive, and enabling leadership environments were provided, graduates with awareness and the capability to generate original ideas in response to identified needs would be empowered. We believe that shedding light on enterprise education coupled with the provision of a supportive and enabling leadership environment could positively impact poverty and unemployment in the world, particularly in regions such as Africa, and Southeast Asia, where cumulative poverty and extreme poverty are acute. We suggest a change, of course, could be necessarily beneficial.
We argue this uncertainty and unpredictability is not good for tackling unemployment, poverty and economic development in the context of stability and certainty. More must be done in this micro sector of the economy. Importantly, the support package that young people and rural community organisations identified/required includes support relating to access to micro-finances or funding (guaranteed loans, grants and others) for start-ups, growth/expansion, marketing intelligence, skills training and development opportunities, business equipment support, shop-front improvement support, marketing research support, peaceful and enabling environment/creating/building entrepreneur culture, access to basic infrastructural facilities: water, steady/reliable supply of electricity, public transportation systems/good roads, etc. We argue that a supportive and enabling leadership environment will significantly enhance the probability of ensuring entrepreneurship development globally. It would probably fundamentally change the course of undertaking business/entrepreneurship and therefore reduce unemployment, an incident of poverty across the globe.

Future research questions:
➢ Are there shortfalls in economic development that could alleviate poverty? ➢ What are the roles of government in tackling uncertainty and the unpredictability of unemployment, poverty, and economic development? ➢ Are there micro-finances or guarantee loans to support young people and enhance the performance of SMEs?